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Henri Rousseau
Henri Julien Félix Rousseau (; May 21, 1844 – September 2, 1910)〔(Henri Rousseau biography ) at the Guggenheim〕 was a French Post-Impressionist painter in the Naïve or Primitive manner.〔(Artillerymen by Rousseau ) at the Guggenheim〕 He was also known as ''Le Douanier'' (the customs officer), a humorous description of his occupation as a toll collector.〔 Ridiculed during his lifetime by critics, he came to be recognized as a self-taught genius whose works are of high artistic quality.〔(Rousseau ) at the National Gallery of Art〕〔(''Henri Rousseau, 1844–1910'' By Cornelia Stabenow ) pp. 7, 8〕 Rousseau's work exerted an extensive influence on several generations of avant-garde artists.〔Smith, Roberta (2006) ("Henri Rousseau: In imaginary jungles, a terrible beauty lurks" ) ''The New York Times'', July 14, 2006. Accessed July 14, 2006〕
==Background==
Henri Rousseau was born in Laval, France, in 1844 into the family of a plumber; he was forced to work there as a small boy.〔(Henri Rousseau biography, Princeton )〕 He attended Laval High School as a day student and then as a boarder, after his father became a debtor and his parents had to leave the town upon the seizure of their house. Though mediocre in some of his high school subjects, Rousseau won prizes for drawing and music.〔''Henri Rousseau'', (1979), Dora Vallier〕 After high school, he worked for a lawyer and studied law, but "attempted a small perjury and sought refuge in the army."〔''Masterworks at the Albright-Knox Art Gallery,'' (1999), first published as ''125 Masterpieces from the Collection of the Albright-Knox Art Gallery''(1987), Karen Lee Spaulding, general editor, page 72〕 He served four years, starting in 1863. With his father's death, Rousseau moved to Paris in 1868 to support his widowed mother as a government employee. In 1868, he married Clémence Boitard, his landlord's 15-year-old daughter, with whom he had six children (only one survived). In 1871, he was appointed as a collector of the octroi of Paris, collecting taxes on goods entering Paris. His wife died in 1888 and he married Josephine Noury in 1898. He started painting seriously in his early forties; by age 49, he retired from his job to work on his art full-time.〔
Rousseau claimed he had "no teacher other than nature",〔 although he admitted he had received "some advice" from two established Academic painters, Félix Auguste Clément and Jean-Léon Gérôme.〔(''Henri Rousseau, 1844–1910'' By Cornelia Stabenow ) page 16〕 Essentially, he was self-taught and is considered to be a naïve or primitive painter.
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